Els centres comercials de Kazakhstan prohibeixen el niqab i el burca

Els centres comercials han posat cartells a les entrades per avisar de la prohibició «perquè és la llei». El 70% de la població del Kazakhstan és musulmana.

Centr comercial Khan Shatyr, Astana, Kazakhstan

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Els grans centres comercials de Kazakhstan (Àsia Central) han començat a col·locar cartells a les entrades avisant que no s’hi pot accedir amb el rostre tapat per un niqab o un burca. La mesura s’emmarca en una llei aprovada aquest estiu que vetlla l’ús de qualsevol peça que impedeixi el reconeixement facial en espais públics.

El president Kassym-Jomart Tokayev va signar el 30 de juny de 2025 una norma que prohibeix cobrir-se la cara a la via pública, al transport i en edificis oberts al públic. L’objectiu declarat és millorar la seguretat i facilitar l’ús massiu de càmeres amb reconeixement facial.

Els centres comercials han estat dels primers a aplicar la normativa de manera visible, amb adhesius i rètols que informen els clients a les portes d’accés. Un senador, Marat Khojaev, ha defensat que no es tracta de cap discriminació, sinó d’“advertir amb antelació abans que sorgeixin conflictes”.

El niqab i la burca no són tradicionals al Kazakhstan

Tot i que més del 70% de la població kazakh es declara musulmana, el niqab i la burca no són tradicionals al país. Sí que és més habitual l’hijab (que deixa la cara descoberta), però fins i tot aquest va ser prohibit a les escoles el 2023, provocant protestes i abandonaments d’estudiants.

Kazakhstan segueix els passos de països veïns de l’Àsia Central: Uzbekistan, Tadjikistan i Kirguizistan ja havien introduït prohibicions similars en els darrers anys.

Autoritats religioses kazakhes donen suport al veto

Com és habitual a l’Àsia Central, els líders religiosos musulmans donen suport a les prohibicions o, fins i tot, les proposen. El Consell Espiritual dels Musulmans de Kazakhstan, l’organisme religiós major, ha avalat la norma, recordant que la mesura és una qüestió de seguretat pública, no de religió. “No es tracta de restringir creences religioses, sinó de garantir la seguretat pública”, van afirmar. També han insistit que, segons la tradició islàmica, no hi ha cap obligació de cobrir-se la cara.

El principal imam de la mesquita d’Almaty ha afirmat que el niqab no és un requisit religiós, sinó més aviat una tradició cultural. Ha recordat que «no hi ha cap mandament religiós que exigeixi ocultar-se la cara, i l’islam promou la modèstia, no l’extremisme en la vestimenta».

La prohibició és tendència a la regió

El veto al niqab i la burca a Kazakhstan no és un cas aïllat, sinó part d’una tendència que s’estén per tota l’Àsia Central. El 2023, Uzbekistan va aprovar una norma que prohibia la burca en espais públics i establia multes importants per a les infraccions. L’any següent, el Parlament de Tadjikistan va fer un pas més i va il·legalitzar tant el niqab com el hijab, amb l’argument que aquestes peces no formaven part de la cultura nacional.

A finals de 2024, Kirguizistan també va aprovar una llei contra el niqab. Des del febrer de 2025, la policia kirguisa ha fet controls i multes a dones que el portaven en mercats i carrers. Kazakhstan s’ha afegit a la llista amb una llei general que prohibeix cobrir-se el rostre en espais públics i que els centres comercials han començat a aplicar de manera visible.

A tots aquests països, la justificació oficial ha estat semblant: la seguretat, la lluita contra l’extremisme religiós i la voluntat de reforçar la identitat secular i nacional. Tot plegat mostra un moviment conjunt de les repúbliques centreasiàtiques per distanciar-se de pràctiques considerades estrangeres i per projectar un model d’islam “moderant” sota el control de l’estat.

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